1.
A Study On The Effect Of Experimentally Induced Caecal Coccidiosis On Weight Gain Haematological Parameters In Broilers
by Irfan Ullah Khan | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Afzal | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The study was designed to observe the effect of experimentally induced coccidiosis on weight gain, FCR and somc blood parameters in broilers. For this purpose 90 day old broiler chicks were obtained from a local hatchery and reared under controlled managemental, coccidia free conditions upto 42 days of age. A commercial coccidiostat free feed and water were provided ad Jib. The birds were divided into three groups A, 13 and C, comprising of 30 birds each. The birds in group A were kept as non-infected, un-medicated control, the group B as infected and unniedicated, while group C as infected and treated with salinomycin (Coxistac 6%; Pfizer). Coxistac 6% at a doze rate of 50 grams per feed bag was provided and the resufts were studied. The chicks of group 13 and C were given oral dozes of 40,000 sporulated oocysts of jjmeria ej.eJi at the age of day 20 and 35.
There was no oocyst excretion in faeces of birds in group A, OPG of faeces in group B was higher than in group C. The OPG of faeces reached the peak during 2nd week post-infection in both the infected groups. 'Phe higher mortalit.y in the infected group 13 (20%) than in group-C (1 0%) was observed, while no mortality was recorded in group A. On postmortem it was observed that the caeca were swollen, on incision petcchial hacmorrhagcs were seen on walls of the caeca and lungs and liver of the infected carcasses were dehydrated and pale.
The group A showed highest weight gain than groups B and C. however, the group C (infected treated) showed better weight gains than group 13 (Infected). Feed conversion ratio in groups A, 13 and C were significantly different. Group A being uninfected gave the best FCR followed by birds in group C, which were medicated while birds in group B gave the poorest values.
The haemoglobin and TEC values in the infected group B were low and were normal for group A. However, the birds of group C also showed lower values as compared to group A. It was observed that the percentage of heterophils and monocytes increased, while the number of lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils decreased in the blood of the infected groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0603,T] (1).
2.
The Prevalence And Taxonomy Of Toxocara Canis Alongwith Associated Haemotological Changes In Naturally
by Chatha, Capt. Muhammad Athar | Dr.Asif Rabbani | Dr.Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Toxocariasis is a common disease of carnivores throughout the world and is caused by Toxocara canis.The larvae of the parasite have been identified as the most frequent etiologic agent of Visceral larva migrans, which is primarily a paediatric disease.
In view of the zoonotic importance of the parasite, the present study was conducted to assess the incidence, taxonomy of the species of the genus Toxocara and their effects on various blood parameters of the infected canines.
For above purpose, samples were collected from dog hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, the faecal and blood samples were stored in the refrigerator, of Parasitology Laboratory (C. V. S. Lahore).
Only those dogs which had high prevalence in Toxocara canis were examined by different faecal examination methods and were selected to get mature worms, after killing the dogs. Preservation and clearing of worms were carried out by adopting the prescribed methods. The taxonomy of the species of the genus Toxocara was studied with the help of morphological keys.
The collective over all prevalence of different types of Toxocara canis recorded in stray and pet dogs was 39 5% The species of Toxocara identified in our area were: Toxocara canis, and Toxocara Leonina.
Blood of infected dogs were exposed to various haematological studies including Fib estimation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC).
Haematological examinations were made to compare the blood picture of healthy and infected dogs. For this purpose , blood samples each from healthy and infected dogs were examined.
The results of haematological examination showed a significant decrease in haemoglobin estimastion, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume Whereas a significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count , like neutrophils , eosinophils and very little increase in basophils was also seen.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0621,T] (1).
3.
Comparative Immune Response Of Anticoccidial Monovalent And Polyvalent Vaccines On Nd Vaccinated Broiler
by Wajiha Maqsood | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to estimate the immune response of the three anticoccidial virus vaccines on NDV vaccinated broiler chicks. The vaccines used were, Eirneria tenella vaccine (ETV), Immucox and Coccivac. For this purpose a total of one hundred and five chicks were randomly divided into five groups, namely group A, B, C, D and E on day I Each group consisting of twenty one birds. All the chicks except those in group A, were occulonasally vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine using Mukteswar strain of virus on day I and 2 1
Chicks in group A were kept as non-i nfectecl, non-vaccinated controls. Group B was non-infected, hut vaccinated with NDV. group C was also vaccinated with Eimeria tenella vaccine on days 3 and 10 of age. Group D was administered with single dose of Immucox on day 5th of age and, group E was administered with Coccivac on day 6111.
After vaccination weekly mean weightgains, mean oocysts per gms of faeces (OPG), and mean feed conversion ratio of chicks in all the groups were recorded. Regular sera samples were also collected from the blood obtained from birds of all the groups, after administration of second dose of NDV on day 21 of age. All the sera samples were analyzed by using Haernagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests.
obtained from birds of all the groups, after administration of second dose of NDV on day 21 of age. All the sea samples were analyzed by using Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests.
It was observed that no coccidiosis could be established in chicks of groups A, B and C. However oocysts were observed in the faecal material of chicks of group D and E after one week of administration of anticoccidial vaccines (immucox and coccivac) respectively. But OPG was gradually increase after second week of vaccination and one bird in group D died due to coccidiosis, OPG count reached to a peak after second week of vaccination and one bird in group D and one in group F died due to coccidiosis.
Mean weight gains per chick on day 1 was 41, 42, 40, 39 and 38 of groups A, B, C, D and F respectively. however the mean body weights were 1746, gms 1848, 1725, 1710 and 1695 gms for chicks in groups A, B, C, D and E respectively at Group B showed significant weight gain as compared to other groups and their difference of weight gain from group B was, 103, 123, 138, and 153 gms of groups A, C, D and F respectively. (P > 0.05).
Feed conversion ratio of groups A. B, C, D and F was 1.85, 1.99, 1 .88, 1.77 and 1.78 respectively at the end of experiment. Group B and C showed the best FCR as compared to other groups of the same age. But statistically the differences were non-signiFicant amongst all the test groups.
Morphometeric analysis of immuno modulatory organs revealed that group B showed highest organ weight and the organ body ratio as compared to other groups of same age at the end of experiment Besides group B, group C also showed the second highest of the organ body weights and the organ body ratios, as compared to other anticoccidial vaccinated groups D and E and among them group C showed the highest of organ weight and organ body ratio.
Antibody analysis revealed that geometric mean titre (GMT) in the chicks of group B (NDV vaccinated control group) showed the highest value (73.3) as compared to other groups of same age at the end of experiment. However group C showed the second highest value (68.6) on 49th day. Where as other anticoccidial vaccinated groups D and E showed their GMT value as 21.1 and 22.6 respectively, and antibody titre of group A (non-infected non vaccinated control group) was zero at the end of experiment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0660,T] (1).
4.
Biocontrol Of Caecal Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Nadeem Afzal, M | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of two types of monovalent . tenella vaccines i.e. Formalin treated . tenella oocysts for 48 (FEV-48) and/or 96 (FEV-96) hours and irradiated . tenella vaccine. For estimation of the efficacy of the said vaccines, OPG counts weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 105 day-old broilers were equally divided into 5 different groups namely; A, B, C, D and E on day 3, each group comprising of 21 chicks. NDV vaccine was administered on day land 21 of age of chicks of all the groups. Group A acted as non-infected control, B as infected control, C was vaccinated with FEV-48, D was vaccinated with FEV-96 and E was vaccinated with 1EV on day 3 and 10 of age. Spread of contaminated faeces over the bedding with . tenella oocysts was commenced on day 12 upto day 17 of age of chicks. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 52.
The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all the control (infected) and test groups. In group B, 222200 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 5300 on day 50 followed by zero on day 52. Group C (FEV-48) showed 131400 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 100 OPG on day 38 followed by '0' afterwards and showing significant differences from the control (P < 0.05). Group D showed gradual decline like infected control upto day 34, but ironically on days 38 and 42, 196.3% and 376.4% increase was noted, respectively as compared to group B, which again declined by day 50 with significant difference. In group E the first observation showed 119460. OPG counts which abruptly declined to 75 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. Groups C and E showed comparable results.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D and E gained 31%, 14%, 11.83% and 10.92% greater weights than group B. The FCR in ranked order was shown as A, C, E, D and B, showing the efficacy of FEV-48. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D and E as 4 (19%), 2 (9.5%), 1 (4.76%) and 3 (14.28%), respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0719,T] (1).
5.
Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Of Sparrows (Passer Domesticus)
by Anjum Mahmood | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and taxonomy of the gastro-intestinal tract helminths in 200 sparrows that were naturally parasitized. In addition, the blood examination was carried out to record the effect of worm infestation on different blood parameters namely Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, Total leukocyte count (TLC), Packed cell volume (PCV) and Differential leukocyte count (DLC) and these values were compared with the normal values.
Two hundred sparrows purchased from the market were kept in cages in Parasitology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The birds were slaughtered at due intervals. Blood was collected and gastro-intestinal tract was searched for the collection and identification of the helminthic species.
The results revealed that out of 200 sparrows, 120 had the worm infestation, showing an overall incidence as 60%. The worms collected were subjected to the taxonomical study which was carried out in the laboratory of PaLrasitology Section.
Two species namely Ascaridia galli (36%) and Heterakis gallinarum (24%) were found inhabiting the small intestine and caeca of the infested birds, respectively. No trematodes and cestodal species were recorded from the GIT of these experimental sparrows. Blood examination revealed slight increase in TLC and Heterophils, while basophils and monocytes were not affected. However, Hb levels, PCV and lymphocytes showed decrease resulting into anaemia and retarded growth of the affected birds versus non-infected ones.
The eggs per gram (EPG) ranged between 200-1000 in case of Ascaridia galli and 400-1000 in Heterakis gallinarum infestation in naturally parasitized sparrows. The main EPG count recorded was 516.666 and 660.41 in case of Ascardia galli and Heterakis gallinarum infestation, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0721,T] (1).
6.
Study On Ticks And Haemoparasitic Diseases Of Local And Cross Bred Cattle In Malakand Agency
by Nazir Ahmad | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Ticks infestation and piroplasmosis are serious problems of domestic cattle. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalent species of ticks and the piroplasms transmitted by these ticks. The effect of ticks and blood parasites on various blood parameters was also studied. The parameters included: RBC count, WBC count, Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) and differential leukocytic count (DLC). The study was conducted from June to August, 2001.
A total of 80 cattle (40 local nondiscript cattle and 40 crossbred) were selected. Each type was divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D. The cattle of group-A were free from any infestation/infection. The animals of group B were only tick infested. Animals of group-C were only piroplasm infected and the animals of group-D were infested with ticks and the piroplasms. Each group from both the breeds consisted of 10 animals.
Haemotological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in TEC, Hb and TLC in groups B, C and D as compared to group-A relating to each breed.
The lymphocytes were decreased from normal in all test groups in both the breeds, significantly. However, neutrophil and eosinophils were increased significantly in test groups as compared to control group (A). The values of erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) showed a significant increase in groups B, C and D of both types of cattle as compared to the control group (A).
The overall results showed that the effect of mixed infection on haematology was greater than the single infection of ticks or piroplasm.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0727,T] (1).
7.
Oocyst Production Potential In Experimentally Infected Broiler With Eimeria Tenella
by Khalid Younas, M | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to observe the periodicity of oocyst shedding, the ratio of administered oocysts with the oocysts found in the faeces or intestinal contents of infected birds and effect of artificially induced coccidiosis at different ages on weight gain, FCR, OPG count, mortality and lesion scores. For this purpose 84 day-old chicks were purchased from the market and vaccinated against NDV on day 1 and 21 (Mukteswar strain). The birds were divided into 4 groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising oC 21 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected control. Virulent Elmeria en at a dose rate of 50,000 sporulated oocysts/bird was given to group B, C and D on day 15, 25 and 35 of age, respectively.
There was no oocyst excretion in faeces of birds in group A. OPG of faeces in group B was higher than in groups C and 1). rFIe OPO of faeces reached the peak on 6th day post-infection in infected groups, but group D again obtained the peak on 17th day postinfection. The highest caecal oocyst counts were observed in group B than C and 1) groups. It was observed that the recovery of the number of oocysts in purified isolates was 58.74%, 50.05% and 26.87% in B, C and D, respectively as compared to OPG counts. It was also noted that the caecal output of oocyst counts was always lower than the total OPG counts per chick during the period of infection in different groups.
Group A showed the highest weight gain (2155 gms) than the infected groups B (1985 grns), C (1930 gms) and D (1978 grns). Feed conversion ratio in groups A, B, C and D was significantly different showing the values as 1.62, 2.26, 1.89 and 1.82, respectively. Group A being uninfected gave the best FCR followed by the birds in groups D and C. While birds in group B gave the poorest values, it was observed that the weight of faeces per chick was almost equal in groups C (163 gms) and D (166.5 gms), but was significantly lower in B (123.5 gms). However, the highest OPG counts occured in group B and the number of oocysts acquired were the best in this group.
The highest mortality was observed in group B (28%) followed by group D (14%) and group C (10%), while no mortality was recorded in group A.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0734,T] (1).
8.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Faciolosis In Buffaloes Under Farm Conditions
by Sarfraz Ahmed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fasciolosis in buffaloes under farm conditions, efficacy of recently introduced Homeopathic (Trematox) with Allopathic (Zanil, ICI) drug and economic losses in terms of liver damage and decrease in milk production. For this purpose, 500 faecal samples were examined for the presence of liver fluke. The prevalence was observed 15% in buffaloes under farm conditions located in Okara district. For therapeutic purpose, sixty naturally infected and 20 healthy buffaloes were selected and divided into four equal groups i.e. A, B, C and D containing 20 animals each. Anirnals of group-A (healthy animals) were given no medication. Animals of group-B were infected control group. Animals of group-C were treated with Zanil (Oxyclozanide), while animals of group-D were treated with Trematox (A horneopathetic drug).
The therapeutic efficacy of Zanil and Trematox was compared on the basis of pre- and post-medication egg counts. The animals used for this study were naturally infected buffaloes (confirmed by faecal examination). Sixty positive and 20 negative cases were selected for tlie study. rfhe faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the animals.
Eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and clinical performance were monitored. Faecal samples were examined at zero, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 18th day post-treatment. Animals which remained positive on 18th day were given a second dose of the respective drug on the same day and their faecal samples were further examined on 21st and 28th day.In buffaloes treated with Trematox the efflcacy recorded was 20.45% on 3rd day, 29.54% on 5th day, 40.90% on 7th day, 47.72% on 10th day, 50% on 14th day, 54.54% on 18th dày, 56.81% on 21st day and 61.36% on 28th day.
Buffaloes treated with Zanil showed better results than Trernatox. Decrease in the faecal egg counts was 39.13% on 3rd day, 56.52% on 5th clay, 69.56% on 7th day, 78.26% on 10th day, 82% on14th day, 86.95% on 18th day, 93.47% on 21st day and 95.65% on
28th day as compared to that of zero day.
The economic losses due to liver damage recorded were 21.6 million (Rs.) annually in 600 animals. Wheras economic loss in terms of decrease in milk production in infected animals was recorded as Rs.10,800 annually per animals
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0810,T] (1).
9.
Prevalence Of Parasites Of Zoonotic Importance In Public Parks Of Lahore
by Mahmood Ahmad Tahir | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: To find out the prevalence of parasitic larvae/eggs of zoonotic importance at VaI1OLIS public places, 600 samples (200 canine faeces, 200 lierbage and 200 soil samples) were collected and processed according to the techniques mentioned in the text. Five samples for each material were collected fortnightly from and around five different public parks namely: "lqbal Park, Nasir Bagh, Bagh-e-Jinnah, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Race Course Park" during the period from 1st September to 31st December, 2002. The impact of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of various parasitic eggs/larvae was studied. Forty nine (24.5%) out of 200 faecal samples were sound to he positive amongst which 11(22.45%) were positive for T. canis. and 34 (69.39%) were positive for A. caninum whereas 4 samples (8.1 %) were found positive for other parasites namely: D. canium, Trichuris vulpis, Teania spp. and Strongyloides sp. Out of 200 soil samples 29 (14.5%) were found positive for parasites amongst which 8 (27.59%) and 19 (65.5%) were positive for T canis and A. Caninum respectively, whereas only 2 (6.90%) were positive for other parasites. Out of 200 herbage samples 69 (34.5%) were positive for parasite eggs/larvae amongst which 22 (31.88%), 42 (60.86%) and 5 (7.26%) were positive for T. canis, A. can/null and other parasites respectively.
Overall contamination of parks including all types of samples was recorded as 24.5%. It was observed that during the period of study (1st September to 31st December, 2002), the contamination of parks was the highest between 1st October to 30th November, 2002 when environmental temperature became optimal (27-30°C) and humidity being 75-76%. Inspite of the fact, rainfall did not occur during the highest prevalence of contamination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0811,T] (1).
10.
A Comparision Of Biological And Medicinal Contro Of Coccidiosis In Broilers Under Field Condition
by Mirza Waqar Baig | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Prof. Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of different locally prepared anticoccidial vaccines against E. tenella infections i.e. irradiated non-sporulated vaccine and irradiated sporulated E. tenella vaccine, herbal anticoccidial (Coxigon) and cemical anlicoccidial (Suipha Diverdine). For estimation of the efficacy of the said anticoccidials, OPG counts, weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 150 day-old broilers were equally divided into six different groups on day 3 namely; A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group comprised of 25 chicks. ND vaccine was administered on day 1 and 21 of age to the chicks of all groups. rIhe test groups were infected through contamination of the bedding of the chicks by spraying sporulated oocysts between day 12 and 17 of the experinient. Group A acted as non-infected control, .13 as infected control, C was infected but vaccinated with irradiated non-sporulated E. tenella vaccine on day 3 and 10 @ 1000 oocysls per bird. Group D was infected and treated with Coxigon (herbal medicine), E was infected but treated with Coxidal (Sulpha diverdine). Similarly group F' was infected and vaccinated with irradiated but sporulated oocyst on day 3 and 10 @ 1000 oocysts per bird. To access the comparative efficucies of different groups mean OPG, mean weight gains and mean FCR of control and test groups were compared. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 42. The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all control (infected) and test groups. In group 13, 264523 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 15773 on day 42. Group C (vaccinated with non sporulated, irradiated oocysts) showed 14214 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 89.00 QPG and day 38 followed by '0, by the end of the experiment, showing significaht difference from the control (1? <0.05). Group D (Coxigon) and groap E (Coxidar) showed gradual decline like infected control group and
735 OPG counts were observed in group E even on day 42. In group F the first observation showed 150428 OPG counts, which abruptly declined to 119 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. So group C and F' showed comparable and the best results as compared to groups D and E.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation (on day 21) between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D, E and F gained 31%, 14%, 11.83%, 10.92% and 12% greater weights than group B. rphe FOR in ranked order was calculated in groups A, F, C, D, E and B, showing the cfCicacy of irradiated - sporulated vaccine. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D, E and F as 5, 2, 1, 4 and 1, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0823,T] (1).
11.
Prevalance And Anthelmentic Activity Of Indigenous Plants Against Trichostrongylus Of Sheep In District Zhob
by Nasib Ullah | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A Trichostrongylid is gastrointestinal nematode which causes the heavy economic losses to the livestock particularly sheep. A total 240 gastrointestinal tracts of sheep from district Zhob abattoir were collected. These samples were isolated and identified for trichostrongylid nematodes. The overall prevalence was 50%(120/240), of which 39.1% in male and 60.8% in female sheep were recorded at slaughter-house. Plants were collected from area of district Zhob. These plants were Identified and authenticated by botanist .The crude aqueous methanolic extract of the plants were used for in-vivo studies. Eighty sheep of either sex, aged between three to six months and naturally infested with Trichostrongylid nematodes (including trichostrongylius spp. I-Iaemonchus contortus, cooperia etc) were selected and managed separately for the experiment. These sheep were divided into 4 groups A ,B,C and D. Group A was contained 10 sheep and was untreated and considered as control. Thirty (30) were kept in Group B, were further sub divided into three equal groups i.e. BI, B2 and B3 and treated with different levels of Chenopodium album @ 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight respectively. Group C having thirty (30) was also sub divided into three equal groups i.e. Cl, C2 and C3 and treated with different levels of Artemisia brevifolia @ 1, 2 and 3g/kg body weight respectively. Group D was treated with Levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Faecal egg count reduction was criterion for evaluation. Faecal samples were collected before treatment on day 0 and on day 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 post treatments for EPG count.
The results of EPG for animals in group B1 at day 0 was 1325. This rate was reduced to 1250, 1125, 995 and 702 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14, respectively. Similarly EPG of sheep in B2 were 1280 at day 0 and reduced to 1205, 1202, 1001 and finally to 690 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Best results in B group against the nematodes were in B3 in which Chenopodium album was used 3g/kg bw. The results were 1250, 1231, 1145, 590 EPG at day 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14. The sheep in group Cl showed 1203 EPG at day 0, when treated with Ig/kg bwArtemisia brevifolia, the EPG was reduced to 1173, 1115, 700 and 528 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Second level of treatment C2 of
Artemisia brevifolia which was given @ 2g/kg bw initially contained reduced to 1202 EPG, on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 the EPG counts were 1020, 631, 546 and 459, respectively.
Highest dose of Artemisia brevfolia was 3g/kg body weight to sheep in group C3. On day zero the EPG count was 1196. On day 3, 7, 10 and 14th day the EPG count decreased to 1079, 905, 528 and 396 respectively. The sheep in group D, treated with recommended dose of Levamisole showed 1138 EPG prior to medication, which reduced remarkably to 681, 536, 357 and 147 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Although no untoward effects of plants were observed but best EPG reduction results (87.08 %) were observed in Levamisole as compared to treatment of 3gm/kg b.w Chenopodium album (51 .03 %) and Artemisia hrevfolia 3g/kgbw (66.88 %).
CONCLUSIONS
A wide variety of plants are naturally available in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent which possess narrow or broad spectrum anthelmintic activities. No doubt this is true in other regions of the world as well where gastrointestinal parasitism is an important problem in livestock keeping, and the availability of commercial drugs may be limited. Conventionally, trichostrongylids has been tackled with use of synthetic anthelmintic but owning to development of anthelmintic resistance against major groups of anthelmintics viz., benzimidazole, Levamisole and avermectins, people are looking for alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
The phytochemical analysis of these plants and controlled anthelmintic trials along with contemporary knowledge of parasite control strategies may offer new opportunities for effective and economical control of parasitic diseases. So these plants can be better alternative for synthetic chemicals.
Quality control extracts of Artemisia brevifolia and Chenopodium album or possibly isolated bioactive compounds could be a promising alternative to conventional anthelmintics fbr the treatment of gastrointestinal trichostrongylids of small ruminants in the future. Such a treatment could be used in control strategies against gastro intestinal nernatodes in organic and conventional production systems. Further research is needed for studies on the bio active constituents, as well as on the reproducibility, dosage, application regime. toxicity and effectiveness of Artemisia brevifolia and C'henopodium a/bums in other host species and against other economically important gastro intestinal nematodes species.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that further research could be carried out on large sample size in different seasons of the year and large number of plants, identification of active principles of plants with proven anthelmintic activity, standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development. In addition to this, large number of samples of the same plant from different geographic areas should be subjected to experimentation keeping in view the possibility of differences in chemical composition of soils.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1075,T] (1).
12.
The Comparative Efficacy Of Various Feed Additives On The Resistance Of Broiler To Experimenmtally Induced Cecal Coccidiosis
by Atta Subhani | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan parasites Eimeria. Drugs and live vaccines are the two main control measures of the disease; however, due to increasing concerns with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. Recent evidence that various dietary and live microbial supplements can influence host immunity against enteric diseases prompted me to investigate the role of prebiotic, probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Neem fruit (azadirachta indica) and diclazuril is also used in the experimental trial due to their anticoccidial activity. For this purpose a total of 300 day old chicks free from coccidial infection were randomly divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) each comprising 50 birds. The dietary treatments for groups A-F were basal diet only, basal diet + Diclazuril 0.5%, basal diet + lactobacillus based probiotic, basal diet + Mannan-oligosacchrides (MOS), basal diet + neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) and basal diet only, respectively. The birds in groups A-E were challenged oesophageally with 10000 viable sporulated E. tenella oocysts, while the birds in group F were remained unchallenged and serve as negative control. The oocyst per gram (OPG), clinical signs/severity of diarrhea, lesion score, body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, mortality rates, hemoglobin estimation, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were the parameters considered. The efficacy of various treatments was estimated on the basis of reduction in OPG, clinical signs/severity of diarrhea and lesion score. The effect of coccidiosis on hemoglobin, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were also recorded. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that oocyst per gram (OPG), clinical signs/severity of diarrhea, lesion score, mortality rates, feed consumption, hemoglobin estimation, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count of group D and C were significantly lower than group A, B and E (p<O.O5) respectively except group F (-ye control), but feed consumption of group C and D is significantly lower than group F (p<O.05). Body weight gain, and FCR of group C and D were significantly higher than group F, followed by E, B and A (p<O.O5) respectively.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that both prebiotic and probiotic not only facilitate as an anticoccidial but also helpful in body weight gain. These consequently result as an alternative drug free approach to antibiotics for the control of coccidiosis because of drug resistance as well as growth promoter and ultimately reduce the economic losses due to coccidiosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1095,T] (1).
13.
Preualence And Chemotherapy Of Nematodes In Pigeons At Lahore Zoo
by Sumaira Maitla | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Pigeons came from South Asia where they have selected for their flight ability. During the last 150 years, they have periodically been released in several sites as potential game birds but without success since they migrate away from the release point (Williams, 2000).
The present study was carried out at Lahore Zoo and University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore and postgraduate laboratory UVAS, Lahore. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of Pigeons, a total of 150 faecal samples were collected (75 reared at floor and 75 in cages) under different managemental conditions. Faecal samples were examined by three different techniques i.e. Direct smear, Flotation and Mc Master Egg counting technique. Out of 150 samples 33.5%) pigeonss were positive in cage system and (37.5%) were positive on floor system. Overall prevalence in both the systems of management was (35.5%).
Chemotherapeutic trails were conducted by using Albendazole and Mebendazole. For this purpose a total of 45 birds from the 105 positive birds were selected. These were randomly divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C having 15 birds in each group. l3irds in group A and B treated with Albendazole and Mebendazole. At their recommended dose rate respectively whereas birds in group C were not given any treatment. The efficacy of Albendazole and Mebendazole was 97.54% and 82.68% respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1225,T] (1).
14.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Fasciolosis In Cattle In Nangarhar Afghanistan
by Redwanullah | Prof.Azhar maqbool | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1866,T] (1).
15.
Benzimedazole Resistnace Against Haemonchus Contortus Through Evaluating B Tubulin Gene By Using Molecular Technique
by Abdullah Saghir Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Kamran ashraf | Dr.Jawaria ali | Dr.Muhammad imran rashid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1890,T] (1).
16.
Epidemiological Studies And Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Resistance Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Sheep In Balochistan
by Hamdullah | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof | Prof. Dr. Azhar maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1960,T] (1).
